Computational Analysis of the Human Eye with Applications

The human visual system, from photoreceptors to higher-order processing of signals in the brain, is a remarkable example of the power of evolutionary processes acting over vast periods to develop a finely tuned system capable of complex recognition, recall, and execution of highly accurate tasks in space and time. In terms of genetics, physiology, and structure, the evolutionary pathway to higher vertebrate vision can be traced.1 In fact, it has been hypothesized that the development of a complex visual system preceded and provided the evolutionary substrate for the evolution of brain expansion that made possible higher cognitive functions in primates.2 Vertebrate vision is one of the most profound and illuminating examples illustrating the operation of evolutionary principles.3 From using chipped stones to the technology of spacecraft and global computer networks, humans have relied on the exceptional powers of vision to survive, prosper in, predict, and, to some degree, control and reshape an often-challenging environment. The primacy of vision in the human experience is evidenced in our language: to “see” also means to understand, as does “to have the eyes opened.” Such definitions occur, not only in the English language, but also in the metaphors and figures of the speech of other languages as well. Humans are visual animals, and the loss of sight